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Writer's pictureScott Sinclair

Do you know your spurs from your spines? Typographic terminology explained.

This article is an insightful guide for marketing managers, designers, and anyone interested in understanding the fundamentals and intricacies of typography. It's aimed at helping both clients and designers appreciate the subtleties and power of type in conveying a brand's message and personality.


Graphic showing typographic terminology
Typographic terminology


What the Font?!

Typography, a term derived from the Greek words τύπος ("typos" meaning "form" or "impression") and γράφειν ("graphein" meaning "to write"), is ubiquitous in our daily lives. It appears in various forms such as packaging, point of sale (POS) materials, brochures, leaflets, digital apps, social media, news feeds, signage, information posters, books, and all types of printed material. While the average person may not consciously discern nuances like tight kerning or incorrect leading, they instinctively know what appeals to them. Thus, understanding the basics of good typography is crucial for creating designs that resonate with customers and peers, and for effectively critiquing commissioned work.


Impressive Expressive

Historically, in metal typesetting, a 'font' referred to a specific size, weight, and style of a typeface. Each font was a set of types, one for each glyph. In the digital era, 'font' often equates to 'typeface', encompassing various families like serif (e.g., Times), sans-serif (e.g., Helvetica), cursive (e.g., Zapf-Chancery), fantasy (e.g., Western), and monospace (e.g., Courier). Helvetica, a neo-grotesque or realist design, is a notable example of a sans-serif font widely used for its clarity in information graphics and branding.


Graphic showing font weights and styles
Font weights

Size Really Does Matter

Fonts are measured in point size ('pt') for print and pixels ('px') for digital applications. The choice of size and leading (line spacing) significantly influences readability and aesthetics.


Make It Shout, Make It Bold

Fonts can vary in weights and styles, including extended, condensed, and italic versions. The Helvetica Neue typeface is a prime example of this diversity.


Graphic showing typographic list of terms
Typographic list of terms

Understanding Your Spurs from Your Spines

Key typography terms include:

  • Leg: The downward-extending part of a letter.

  • Arm: A straight or curved part extending upwards or outwards.

  • Ear: A small stroke on some lowercase 'g's.

  • Shoulder: The downward and rightward curve on lowercase 'h', 'm', and 'n'.

  • Spine: The main curve inside 'S'.

  • Tail: The decorative descender in letters like 'Q', 'R', 'K', 'g', 'j', 'p', 'q', and 'y'.

  • X-height: The height of lowercase letters in a typeface, typically measured by the letter 'x'.

  • Cap Height: The height of capital letters.

  • Ascenders: Vertical strokes rising above the x-height.

  • Descenders: Vertical strokes falling below the x-height.

  • Stem: The main vertical or first diagonal stroke in letters.

  • Stroke: The main vertical or diagonal line in a letter.

  • Bar: A horizontal stroke in letters like 'A', 'H', 'e', and 'f'.

  • Serif: Short lines at stroke end, defining serif and sans-serif typefaces.

  • Terminal: The end of a stroke in a letter without a serif.

  • Bowl: The enclosed curved space in letters like 'd', 'b', 'o', 'D', and 'B'.

  • Counter: The enclosed space in letters like 'o', 'b', 'd', and 'a'.

  • Link: The stroke connecting the bowl and loop in a lowercase 'g'.

  • Swash: Decorative elements on capitals or end letters.

  • Spur: A small projection of the main stroke in some capitals, like 'G'.

Conclusion

The appropriate choice of font is critical in design. Factors like font size, kerning, leading, and positioning can give a design a contemporary or classic look. A misjudged font choice can date a design or brand, potentially eroding customer confidence. As designers and marketers, it's important to distinguish between different typographical elements to create impactful and effective designs. Freelance Senior Creative Graphic Designer & Art Director | Expert in Branding and Visual Storytelling

Scott is a highly creative individual with a diverse skill set, driven by a passion for creativity and problem-solving. Excelling as a strategic thinker in challenging environments, Scott leads with boundless energy and enthusiasm. With over 20 years of experience in the B2B sector, he has a history of delivering outstanding creative solutions for both large corporations and SMEs across various industries, including Automotive, Oil & Gas, Internet Security, Finance, Aerospace, Engineering, Manufacturing, and Medical sectors. An articulate and competitive self-starter, Scott is known for his versatility and adaptability in handling multiple roles simultaneously.


His success primarily stems from adding extra value at every stage of the design process. Scott consistently looks beyond normal parameters, probes in-depth, and pushes boundaries. He has pioneered best practices within studios, streamlined working methodologies, inspired teams, elevated design standards, and collaborated closely with senior management. As a strategic thinker, Scott has been integral in campaigns and projects at every level, from inception to completion.


If you're looking to elevate your creativity, get in touch with Scott today.

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